新巴比伦wiki百科词条自译-1
1.Historical background
1.历史背景
Babylonia was subject to and dominated by Assyria during the Neo-Assyrian period (911-616 BC),
巴比伦在新亚述时期【前911-616年】曾经受控从属于亚述
as it had often been during the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365-1020 BC).
这在中亚述帝国时期【前1365-1020年】也发生过
The Assyrians of Upper Mesopotamia had usually been able to pacify their southern relations through military might, installing puppet kings, or granting increased privileges.
上美索不达米亚地区的亚述人通常能够以军事实力，册立傀儡国王，或者给予更多特权来统一他们南部的同族。
1-1.Revival of old traditions
1-1.古老传统的复兴
After Babylonia regained its independence, Neo-Babylonian rulers were deeply conscious of the antiquity of their kingdom and pursued an archtraditionalist policy, reviving much of the ancient Sumero-Akkadian culture.
在巴比伦重新独立之后，新巴比伦的统治者们深深意识到他们王国的古老，所以施行传统保守的政策，恢复了大部分的古代苏美尔-阿卡德文化。
Even though Aramaic had become the everyday tongue, Akkadian was retained as the language of administration and culture.
尽管亚拉姆语【见注】已经变成了帝国的日常口语，阿卡德语依旧保留以作为行政和文化的语言。
Archaic expressions from 1500 years earlier were reintroduced in Akkadian inscriptions, along with words in the long-unspoken Sumerian language. Neo-Babylonian cuneiform script was also modified to make it look like the old 3rd-millennium BC script of Akkad.
1500年前古老的表达方式在阿卡德语的铭文上重现，与它一起出现的还有睽目已久的苏美尔语，新巴比伦的楔形文字作品也作如此修正，这让它与阿卡德前3000年的文字作品看起来非常相似。
【注】：古代中东的通用语言和波斯帝国的官方语言
Ancient artworks from the heyday of Babylonia's imperial glory were treated with near-religious reverence and were painstakingly preserved.
巴比伦帝国辉煌鼎盛时期的古代艺术品均因为对宗教的敬畏被精心保存。
For example, when a statue of Sargon the Great was found during construction work, a temple was built for it, and it was given offerings.
举例来说，当他们在施工中发现了一座萨尔贡大帝【见注1】的雕塑，一座神庙为此而建造，人们也为它敬献祭品。
The story is told of how Nebuchadnezzar, in his efforts to restore the Temple at Sippar, had to make repeated excavations until he found the foundation deposit of Naram-Sin of Akkad.
这个故事说的就是尼布甲尼撒二世，在他重建位于Sippar的神庙的过程中，不得不反复挖掘，直到找到阿卡德纳拉姆辛【见注2】时期的遗迹为止。
The discovery then allowed him to rebuild the temple properly. Neo-Babylonians also revived the ancient Sargonid practice of appointing a royal daughter to serve as priestess of the moon-god Sin.
这一发现使他得以妥善重建圣殿。新巴比伦也恢复了古代萨尔贡王朝任命皇室之女作为月神Sin祭司的传统。
【注1】萨尔贡大帝：阿卡德帝国（萨尔贡王朝）的开创者，自称“天下四方之王”，又称为沙鲁金（意为“正义之王”）
【注2】纳拉姆辛：萨尔贡之孙，阿卡德帝国的第四任统治者，第一位自封为神的美索不达米亚国王（“辛”一词意为神），也是第一个被称作“四方之王”的统治者
1-2.Cultural and economic life
1-2.文化与经济生活
Much more is known about Mesopotamian culture and economic life under the Neo-Babylonians than about the structure and mechanics of imperial administration.
相比关于帝国的行政机制和结构，更为人知的在是新巴比伦统治下美索不达米亚文化的和经济生活。
It is clear that for southern Mesopotamia, the Neo-Babylonian period was a renaissance.
非常明确的是，对于南部美索不达米亚地区而言，新巴比伦时期是一个复兴。
Large tracts of land were opened to cultivation. Peace and imperial power made resources available to expand the irrigation systems and to build an extensive canal system.
大片的地域进入了文明社会。和平与王权的巩固使得资源可以被用于拓展灌溉系统与修建庞大的运河系统。
The Babylonian countryside was dominated by large estates, which were given to government officials as a form of pay.
巴比伦的乡村以大片庄园地产的形式被管理，这些土地是作为一种报酬的形式赠与政府官员的。
The estates were usually managed by local entrepreneurs, who took a cut of the profits.
这些地产一般由当地的承包人管理，他们也会持有一部分的收益。
Rural folk were bound to these estates, providing both labour and rents to their landowners.
农民们属于这些庄园，为他们的地主提供劳动和地租。
Urban life flourished under the Neo-Babylonians. Cities had local autonomy and received special privileges from the kings.
城市生活在新巴比伦境内非常丰富繁荣。城市享有地方自治权，国王也会额外授予一些特权。
Centered on their temples, the cities had their own law courts, and cases were often decided in assemblies.
以它们的神殿为中心，这些城市拥有他们自己的法庭，案件一般会聚众裁决。
Temples dominated urban social structure, just as they did the legal system, and a person's social status and political rights were determined by where they stood in relation to the religious hierarchy.
神殿主导着城市的社会结构，就像他们决定着法律制度，甚至个人的社会地位与政治权力也是由宗教确立的等级制度而决定的。
Free laborers like craftsmen enjoyed high status and a sort of guild system came into existence, which gave them collective bargaining power. The period witnessed a general improvement in economic life, agricultural production, and a significant increase in architectural projects, the arts and science.
诸如工匠之类的自由劳动者享受着不低的社会地位，一种行会制度逐渐形成，这给予了他们集体谈判权。这个时期，经济生活与农业生产实现了重大飞跃，建筑工程，艺术和科学水平也得到了显著提高。
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